Bréguet 14, part three. Asian Users.

 

The Breguet 14 was a French bomber and reconnaissance biplane of the World War I era, which was built in very large numbers during and after the conflict. With more than 8.000 machines built, it was exported all around the world. 

The type was widely used in the Asian continent being employed by the following countries or factions:

• China: The Nationalist Chinese Air Force of the Central KMT government, lead by Chiang-Kai-Shek, was established in 1925 with, among other types, approximately 50 Breguet 14A.2s. They were used during the many offensives the KMT held from 1926 onwards to bring local warlords down. 
• Beiyang Government: One Manchurian warlord, Chang Hsueh-liang had 16 Br.14A.2 as part of his private air force. Both these, plus the KMT's ones, were most likely destroyed in 1931-1932 when the Japanese invaded.
• Japan: One Breguet 14B.2 was acquired by the Japanese with evaluation purposes from the French Military Mission that visited Japan in 1919. It was employed by the Imperial Japanese Army's Mikatagahara Bombing team for research on new bombing techniques. This B.2 became also the first aircraft to fly over the Mount Fuji. 
  In 1922 Nakajima completed the Nakajima B-6 "Kei-Gin Go" (light silver) as it was made out of duralumin and was modelled after the Breguet 14. The Kei-Gin Go was revealed at the Peace Memorial Exposition in Tokyo and was highly praised. However, the army never requested the type, so it was used only for long-distance flights. 
  The B-6 was powered by a water-cooled Rolls Royce Eagle VIII engine driving a four-bladed propeller and yielding 356 hp of power.
  Apparently one Breguet 14T transport was also acquired by the Imperial Japanese Army.
• Persia: In 1924 the Air Officer of the Imperial Iranian Army bought various French airplanes, among them three Breguet 14A.2. It's unknown how long they served, but they were most likely replaced in the late 1920s/early 1930s.
• Siam/Thailand: As Siam was part of the Allied Occupation Force of the Rhineland, some Siamese pilots flew the Breguet 14 during the war, in French squadrons. Those pilots returned to Bangkok in August 1919, taking some Br.14A.2 and B.2 with them. The Siamese Br.14s were based at Don Muang and were assigned to the 2nd (General Purpose) Group of the 1st and 2nd Wings of the Siamese Army Aviation Division first and the Royal Siamese Air Division later. The 1st Wing was employed for reconnaissance and topographic works, and the 2nd was used for passenger and air transport over north-eastern Thailand. 
  Some few Br.14s were produced locally with Renault engines in 1924, however, as the prices of those engines raised, the Royal Siamese Army considered the production of a new bomber, which was eventually built as the Boripatra bomber, based indirectly on the Br.14B.2.
  The production of the Br.14 was resumed when the prices of the Renault engines were reasonable again and they were kept in active until 1933, when the American Vought V.100 was produced locally. 
  The 2nd Wing, equipped with Br.14T transports, flew scheduled air-mail flights on the north-eastern regions of the country, leaving the city of Ubon every Tuesday and returning every Thursday. Although being a mail service, some individuals in need of medical care were also carried, as well as medicines. The Royal Siamese Family was so impressed by these flights, that they assisted in raising the funds to purchase a Br.14S ambulance airplane which remained in active service until 1936 (though some sources claim it was until 1937 or even 1938) and by the year 1940 they were still being used as target tugs, making them the last operational users of the Br.14 anywhere in the world.
• Turkey: During the Greco-Turkish War (AKA Asia Minor Campaign, AKA Turkish War of Independence) two Br.14A.2s were captured from the Greeks in September 1921 and August 1922 and employed by the Turkish National Movement.
  After the war, Turkey bought sixteen Breguet 14A.2 plus other 16 Breguet 14B.2s in 1923. The machines were shipped disassembled, so they had to be reassembled at Gaziemir in December 1924.
  The B.2 bombers were assigned to two bombing companies, and served until 1933 when they were replaced by Breguet 19s (though some sources claim it was in 1926), while the A.2s were assigned to other two recon companies and served until 1935 when they replaced by French-built Potez 25s and Czechoslovak Letov S-16Ts.

Sources:

1st Flying Machines Press - French Aircraft of the First World War

2nd https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bréguet_14

3rd https://www.iiaf.net/history/iiaf.html

4th https://www.ne.jp/asahi/airplane/museum/nakajima/nakajima-1e.html

5th http://www.tayyareci.com/digerucaklar/turkiye/kurtulus/breguet14a2.asp

6th http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/aa-eastasia/thailand/thai-manu-history1.htm

Polikarpov U-1

Preliminary note: This is some kind of special post as we're covering the Russian copy of the Avro 504K because it has some very interesting backstory.

The Polikarpov U-1 was the Soviet unauthorized copy of the Avro 504K. It all started during the Russian civil war, when am Avro 504K belonging to the British-Slavonic Air Corps (which was sided with the White Russians) crashed near the city of Petrozavosk and the engineer Sergey Ilyushin received the order of going to that zone to recover the airplane and dissasemble it. It was re-assembled again and pushed into service for the remainer of the war, with such good results that another engineer, Nikolai Polikarpov decied to copy it. Under Soviet command, it showed good results, as it served in their different pilot schools from 1921 until 1932 and in some cases until 1935. It also set a new record in the Soviet Air Force as it was the basis for the first experiments with solid propellant rocket boosters takeoff.

It also served in many Asiatic countries. Apparently it served with the Chinese Aviation Ministry, with the Imperial Iranian Air Force and with Mongolia.
The Persians bought them together with some Polikarpov R-1 and R-2, as the United Kingdom refused to sell them airplanes alleging that the terms of the treaty of Versailles forbid the sale of weaponry.
Apparently it also was the backbone of the early Mongolian People's Army Aviation as it served as their main trainer during the 1920s and most probably during the 1930s.

Sources:
1. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/У-1 (translated)
2. http://www.airwar.ru/enc/other1/u1.html (translated)
3. http://defence.pk/threads/imperial-iranian-airforce.138734/
4. http://forum.valka.cz/topic/view/108784

Avro 504K - Asian Users

A little bit later than usual but here it is, our post for the Asian users of the Avro 504K:

• Afghanistan: The King Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan bought some Avro 504K in order to equip the newly formed Royal Afghan Air Force during 1924. They were destroyed while on delivering process in a storm at Peshawar, nowadays Pakistan. 
• British India: Some units of the postwar RAF stationed in the British Raj, used the 504K for training purposes. Further details are unknown.
• Dutch East Indies: The first Dutch Avro 504K was bought after World War I by the Dutch East Indies in order to equip their newly created flying division of the army. They arrived in August 1919 together with some other Airco DH.9. Further twelve 504K were delivered in 1922. It was used as a training airplane. During 1924 it was tried to make an improved version of this airplane at Andir and later at Soekamiskin. It had Plywood fuselage and an improvised fuel tank. They were replaced during late 1920s and early 1930s by the Fokker S.IV and one French Morane-Saulnier AR.35
• Republic of China: The early Republic of China bought some Avro504 which were theoretically used for training. In reallity they were used as improvised against the warlords where the pilot dropped hand grenades and modified mortar shells.
• Japan: After the Great War, the Japanese empire bought an undetermined number of 504Ks both for the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force in order to train their pilots. They were replaced by the newer Yokosuka K2Y1 in 1928 which was a locally built version of the Avro 504N.
• Turkey: The Turkish forces captured a Greek Avro 504k in the city of Izmir during their war of independence back in 1920. It never flew due to the lack of spare parts. Apparently a second one was found deserted in 1922 at the Gaziemir airport when the war ended.

Sources:

1. http://www.findmodelkit.com/content/afghan-air-force-1924-1928

2. http://www.skytamer.com/Avro%20504.html

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_504

4. Salamander Books - The Complete Book of Fighters
5. http://kw.jonkerweb.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=735:avro-504-uk&catid=82&lang=en&Itemid=544&showall=1&limitstart=