Airspeed AS.10 Oxford, part ten, British users part three

The Oxford, which was nicknamed 'the Ox-Box', was used to prepare complete aircrews for the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command. It could in fact, train pilots, navigators, bomb aimers, gunners and radio operators in the same flight. Additionally, the Oxfords were also used in the Middle East, East Africa and other theatres of the war as communications, anti-submarine and air ambulances thanks to its versatility.
The Oxford was the favourite trainer of both Empire Air Training Scheme and British Commonwealth Air Training Plan which is why it was distributed all along the British Empire.
Amy Johnson, the first woman to fly solo from London to Australia, was flying an Oxford when she when missing over the Thames Estuary, where she presumably and unfortunately crashed in 1941.
The Oxford continued in service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) well after the war, until 1956 to be more precise. They were used as trainers and light transports.
Most Oxfords in the United Kingdom were equipped with a knotted rope which went from the pilot's seat to the rear door to assist in the evacuation should the plane entered into an uncontrollable spin, which was almost impossible to recover from. When the pilots released their seat belts centripetal force would hurl them to the rear of the plane, beyond the exit door, from where it was impossible to crawl forward to the door. The rope was installed as an answer to a test made by four engineers who tried to recover from a spin at 18.000 ft (5.484 m) high. When the aircraft didn't recover no matter how hard they tried, the four released their harness and were immediately hurled to the rear of the plane where they remained helpless as the spiral descent continued. However, the plane was in such flat spin when it reached the ground that it skidded sideways over the surface of a field until the tail section hit a haystack and broke off. The four engineers walked away with minor injuries and the valuable lesson that the knotted rope was the only positive remedy for the Oxford in case it entered a spin.

Sources:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford
2. https://www.baesystems.com/en/heritage/airspeed-horsa-glider
3. https://www.airvectors.net/avanson.html

Airspeed AS.10 Oxford, part nine, British users part two

The Airspeed AS.10 Oxford was a low-wing twin-engine cantilever monoplane with a semi-monocoque fuselage, a conventional landing gear configuration and a wooden tail. It was thanks to its configuration that it could replicate the flying characteristics of any frontline aircraft of the moment. It was specifically designed for a wide range of training missions such as navigation, flying instruction, night flying, instrument flying, wireless radio training, direction finding, gunnery and vertical photography. The Oxford was specifically designed to include various modern innovations and equipment fittings like a full array of instruments and controls within the cockpit which were very useful in the trainer role. Additionally it could also be used in additional roles such as air ambulance or maritime reconnaissance.
Regarding the flying experience, the Oxford was representative enough to give the pilots the experience needed to migrate onto larger aircraft with ease while possessing smooth flying characteristics.
It was operated by a crew of three, with the seating arrangement being interchangeable to better suit various purposes, such as to better enable a specific training role. The cockpit featured dual controls and a pair of seats in order to accommodate a pilot and either a navigator or a second pilot alongside. When used for bomb aimer training, the second set of controls was removed and the freed space was used for a bomb-aimer in prone position. When used as a navigator trainer, the second seat was pushed back so it would be in-line up with the chart table. Aft of the cockpit was a wireless operator station facing aft of the starboard side of the fuselage. The turret present in the Mk.I version of the Oxford, could also be used for gunnery, navigation, wireless, bomb-aimers or camera operators. The centre section could host up to 16 11 lb (4.98 kg) which could be released via bomb-release switches installed at the pilot and bomb-aimers' stations.
The Oxford was normally powered by a pair of Armstrong-Siddeley Cheetah X air-cooled radial engines which yielded 340 hp each. Those were initially outfitted with wooden fixed-position De-Havilland-built propellers but it was initially designed to have variable-pitch propellers. The starboard engine drove a hydraulic pump and air compressor with this one being used to actuate the undercarriage and flaps and the pump being used on the brake system. The port engine drove a 500 -watts electrical generator. The engine cowling featured an inlet that drew cooling air into a tank. A pair of tinned steel oil tanks were also contained within the cowling. Welded steel construction was used for the nacelles.

Sources:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford
2.  https://www.valka.cz/Airspeed-Oxford-Mk-I-t6612
3. https://www.valka.cz/Airspeed-Oxford-Mk-II-t47500

Airspeed AS.10 Oxford, part eight, British users part one

During the 1930s a major expansion programme for the Royal Air Force (RAF) was directed by the British Government. This led to the issue of various operational requirements issued by the Air Ministry, being one of those the Operational Requirement 42 (OR 42) which sought for an advanced training aircraft to be used by the aircrews destined to serve on bombers. Given the RAF's situation, which was migrating from biplane aircraft to monoplanes, as they were more technically more capable and demanded different flying characteristics, a suitable trainer was needed to match this change. The Avro Anson was considered for this role, however, on second thoughts, a more difficult aircraft to fly was seen as a better option. Therefore, on 10th July 1936 the Specification T.23/26 was issued to Airspeed for the development of a twin-engined training aircraft which would meet the specification of the OR 42.
The Oxford was developed to meet the requirements of the T.23/26 and, as such, it was based on Airspeed's existing commercial 8-seater airliner, the AS.6 Envoy which was designed by Hessell Tiltman. Seven Envoys were already converted by the South African Air Force which could be completed in short time by adding bomb racks and a dorsal machine gun placed within a turret designed by Armstrong-Whitworth. The work on this "convertible Envoy" reported many benefits on their subsequent work on the Oxford. The Air Ministry approved the project placing an initial order of the type in 1937.
It was decided for a large initial batch of 136 aircraft, as it allowed for a more economical flow-line production at Airspeed factory in Portsmouth. On 19th June 1937 the first prototype flew and, initially, two variants were projected, Mk.I which was conceived as a general-purpose training aircraft equipped with a dorsal turret and the Mk.II which lacked the turret but was fitted with dual controls. As further large contracts were placed (100 Mk.Is and 100 Mk.IIs) it was decided that De Havilland would also build them at Hatfield. Other companies like Percival or The Standard Motor Company also manufactured the aircraft. In fact, regarding the Mk.I 3.492 machine were completed at Airspeed's Portsmouth factory between 1937 and April 1945, 300 of them were completed at Airspeed secondary factory in Christchurch, Hampshire between April 1941 and February 1943, 961 were completed by De Havilland at Hatfield, Hertfordshire between February 1939 and January 1941, 774 were completed by Percival at their factory in Luton, Bedfordshire between 1942 and April 1944 and 750 were completed by The Standard Motor Company in Coventry at Warwickshire between February 1941 and July 1943.
Regarding the Mk.II variant, the numbers are as follows:
Of a total of 2028 aircraft 726 of them were manufactured at Airspeed in Portsmouth between 1939 and 1942, 250 at Airspeed in Christchurch between 1941 and 1942, 552 by De Havilland at Hatfield between 1939 and 1941 and 575 were completed by Percival between November 1939 and 1942 in Luton.
By the end of production in April 1945, a total of 8.751 Oxfords were completed.

Sources:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford
2. https://www.valka.cz/Airspeed-Oxford-Mk-I-t6612
3. https://www.valka.cz/Airspeed-Oxford-Mk-II-t47500

Airspeed AS.10 Oxford, part seven, American Users

The Airspeed AS.10 Oxford was a British twin-engined multi-role aircraft that was designed and manufactured by Airspeed Ltd. With more than 8.500 machines manufactured it was exported to many countries, among them, the following ones:

• Argentina: The Argentine 'Fuerza Aérea Argentina' (Argentine Air Force) bought three ex-Royal Air Force Oxfords in 1947, together with some more Airspeed Consuls. They were modified to be used as air ambulances, delivered in 1948 and assigned to the 'Agrupación Transporte' (Transport Group). They served through the 1950s and were phased out shortly later. 
• Canada: Twenty-five Oxfords were ordered by the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1938. They were taken from British stocks and sailed unassembled to Canada one year later, in 1939 to be assembled at Canadian Vickers in Montreal. They were initially assigned to the Canadian Central Flying School, but later, as part of the Commonwealth Air Training Scheme, they were assigned to Nos. 32, 34, 35, 36, 37 and 39 Service Flying Schools as trainers. 
• United States of America: The United States Army Air Force (USAAF) employed a total of 137 Oxfords loaned from the Royal Air Force. Most of them were used as communications and general-purpose aircraft by USAAF units stationed in the United Kingdom. From June 1942 onwards they were also used for beam approaching training. By the end of 1944 as the American types were available and delivered, the Oxfords were returned to the Royal Air Force.
  An unknown small amount of Oxfords were also loaned to the USAAF by the Royal Australian Air Force for use by those USAAF units stationed in Australian soil. The United States Navy also used two Oxfords in some unit stationed in the United Kingdom.

Sources:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford#Operational_history

2. https://aviationsmilitaires.net/v3/kb/aircraft/show/1112/airspeed-as10-oxford (translated)

3. http://www.asociacionatta.com.ar/aviones/avion16.htm (translated)

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan_facilities_in_Canada

Airspeed AS.10 Oxford, part six, African users

The Airspeed AS.10 Oxford was a British twin-engined multi-role aircraft that served in great numbers through the World War 2 and after. With more than 8.500 machines manufactured, it saw service with many air forces throughout the world. Among them the following ones:

• Belgian Congo: In April 1944 six Oxfords were acquired by the Force Publique (Public Force - the local Gendarmerie and Military force of the Belgian Congo). They served in the photo reconnaissance and light transport role until July 1955 when the Belgian Air Force declared the Oxfords as obsolete given the poor condition of their wooden fuselage. They were all moved to Brussels to be scrapped.
• Egypt: During World War 2 the Royal Air Force loaned some Oxfords T.1 (the trainer variant) to the Royal Egyptian Air Force. They were assigned to the No.4 Squadron. The loaning continued after the war and until 1948 when the last one was transferred. They were used most probably during the first Arab-Israeli War in 1948 as makeshift bombers but any further detail about their fate is unknown.
• Southern Rhodesia: As part of the Empire Air Training Scheme many flying schools present in Rhodesia during the World War 2, operated with the Oxford. These were the Nos.20, 23 & 21 SFTS (Service Flying Training Squadron), at Salisbury and Bulawayo respectively, No.24 Bombing Gunnery and Navigation (previously known as No.24 Combined Air Observation School), No.29 Elementary Navigation School all of them at Moffat, in Gwelo and the Rhodesian Central Flying School (AKA Rhodesian Air Training Group), No.33 Flying Instructors School and the Central Flying School (Southern Rhodesia), all of them based at Norton.
• South Africa: As part of the Commonwealth Air Training Plan, the South African Air Force was allocated around 700 Oxfords which arrived to South Africa in November 1940. They were assigned to many training units all around South Africa such as the 21, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 62, 65 and 66 Air Schools. Due to the intense training many of them, 256 machines, were lost in accidents. Most of them were withdrawn in 1945 when the war ended and were sold two years later in 1947.

Sources:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford#Other_users

2. http://www.belgian-wings.be/Webpages/Navigator/Photos/MilltaryPics/post_ww2/Airspeed%20Oxford/airspeed_oxford%20frontpage.htm

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Publique#Aviation

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Egyptian_Air_Force

5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan_facilities_in_Southern_Rhodesia

6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan_facilities_in_South_Africa

Airspeed AS.10 Oxford, part five, various European Users

The Airspeed AS.10 Oxford was a British twin-engined multi-purpose aircraft which was designed and developed by Airspeed Ltd. With more than 8.500 exemplars manufactured, it saw service with many countries all around the globe. Among them, the following ones:

• Norway: From 1947 until 1953, when they written off, the Royal Norwegian Air Force had a total of 22 Oxfords serving in three squadrons (Nos. 333, 334 and 335). Four aircraft were sold between 1951 to 1953 to the Norwegian airline Wideroe which employed the aircraft for photo-surveying Norwegian territories in a commission for the Norwegian Geographical Society. Eventually only three of them were sold with the fourth one not being registered as sold and was hold by the Royal Norwegian Air Force for spare parts. The aircraft were taken out of service in 1960 and were used at Fornebu, Oslo, as target practice.
• Poland: At least one unit of the Polish Air Force in exile had some Oxfords in their rows. Among them there was the No.16 (Polish) Flying Training School which from July 1941 until December 1946 employed them as trainers at RAF Newton, in Nottinghamshire.
• Portugal: Both Portuguese Army and Navy received six Oxfords in 1943 as part of the Operation Oatmeal (thanks to which the Allied set up bases in the Azores islands). When the Portuguese Air Force was formed in 1952, there were still four of them in active service. 
• Sweden: The Swedish charter airline Transair Sweden AB had three Airspeed Oxford in 1950 as part of their fleet. They were used with the aim of flying newspapers from Stockholm to other parts of Sweden. They served until September 1955 and December 1959.
• Yugoslavia: Five Oxford were obtained from Norway, via H.A. Berg, under the mutual Defence Aid Programme in 1951. They were used by an unknown unit based at Pancevo as twin-engined trainers for the De Havilland Mosquito crews. They were withdrawn from service in 1958.

Sources:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford#Operators

2. https://www.wikiwand.com/no/Airspeed_Oxford (translated)

3. https://codenames.info/operation/oatmeal/

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transair_Sweden

5. http://transairsweden.com/aircraft/airspeed/

6. https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C7160847?descriptiontype=Full&ref=AIR+29/570

7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Newton

8. http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/yugo/af2/types/trainers.htm

To know more about the Oxford in Norway:

1. https://flyblader.com/onewebmedia/Nr%2012%20Oxford.pdf (in Norwegian)

Airspeed AS.10 Oxford, part four, Various Users

The Airspeed AS.10 Oxford was a British twin-engined multi-purpose aircraft designed and developed by Airspeed Ltd. With 8.504 aircraft made, many of them were exported to various countries. Among them, the following ones:

• Denmark: At the end of 1946 the Royal Danish Air Force received 44 Oxfords that had belonged to the Royal Air Force (RAF). They were used for advanced flying training at the city of Karup, in Jutland. They were also used occasionally for communications and aerial photography and were withdrawn in 1956.
• Free France: The Free French Air Force received five new Oxfords in 1944. They were assigned to the 'Group Artois' (Artois Group) which was based at Pointe Noire (French Equatorial Africa - nowadays Republic of the Congo). They were used in auxiliary tasks, like aerial ambulances, until 1st July 1947 when the unit was deactivated.
• Finland: One Oxford T.1 was sold to a private Finnish owner in Denmark. It served through the 1950s until it was sold to another private owner. The one machine depicted below was equipped with skis. One of the few Oxford to feature such equipment.
• Greece: Due to the British help that Greece received after the World War 2, 19 Oxfords Mk.I/Mk.II were delivered in August 1945. They were followed in 1947 by 13 more and a number of them were equipped with bomb racks. Two Oxfords were equipped with photo-reconnaissance equipment, making them, together with the North American AT-6 Texan, the only dedicated recon aircraft available for the Royal Hellenic Air Force back then.
  They served through the Greek Civil War mainly in the reconnaissance role and were written off in 1948. It's unknown if they were used in the multi-engine advanced training role.
• Netherlands: The Airspeed Oxford was used by both the Royal Dutch Air Force and the Royal Dutch Naval Aviation Service. Initially, back in the No.1316 (Dutch) Communications Flight of the Royal Air Force, there were many Oxfords serving during the latest stages of the War. Additionally, three Oxfords were in service with the No.320 (Dutch) Squadron of the Royal Air Force.
  All those Oxfords, 28 according to some sources, passed on to serve with the Royal Dutch Air Force and were assigned to the AVOT (Additional Twin-Engine Pilot Training unit) at Twente, in Eastern Netherlands. They were also used for training the pilots of the Gloster Meteor, but by 1950 they were replaced by the Beechcraft AT-7.
  The Royal Dutch Naval Aviation Service received in early 1946 three Oxford on loan. They were used for training the so-called 'Detachment Aircraft Carriers, VKS' which was based at RAF Heston, in Middlesex as part of the 701 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm. From there, they performed regular flights to Schipol, Valkenburg and Eindhoven. In July those three aircraft were bought and were based in May 1947 at Valkenburg Naval Air Base, in the Netherlands, for liaison and photo-reconnaissance duties. Shortly later they were assigned to the No.320 Squadron for 'General Purpose Duties'. In 1951 a new squadron, the No.5 was formed and some Oxford were assigned there.
  Anyway, in 1952 and 1953 every remaining Oxford was written off from service as they were in poor conditions. They were replaced in their roles by the Beechcraft SNB-5/TC-45J  Navigator.

Sources:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford

2. https://www.ab-ix.co.uk/pdfs/airspeed_oxford_&_consul.pdf

3. https://www.haf.gr/en/history/historical-aircraft/airspeed-oxford-mk-i-ii/

4. https://kw.jonkerweb.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=746:airspeed-as-10-oxford-mkii-uk&catid=82&lang=en&showall=1&limitstart=&Itemid=544

Airspeed AS.10 Oxford, part three, Belgian & Czechoslovak users

The Airspeed AS.10 Oxford was a British twin-engined multi-purpose aircraft that was designed and developed by Airspeed Ltd.. It was conceived as a trainer variant of Airspeed's previous design, the Airspeed Envoy, but it quickly grew as an aircraft of its own. It was exported to many countries, among them, Belgium and Czechoslovakia:

• Belgium: In July 1939 a single Oxford owned by Airspeed Ltd. was flown to Evere Airport, in Brussels. It was piloted by Georges B.S. Errington and the aircraft was to be displayed at the IIe Salon Aéronautique de Bruxelles (Brussels' Aeronautical Show). Shortly later, in August, the Belgian Aéronautique Militaire (Belgian Army's Aeronautical branch) announced the purchase of that particular machine. It was intended to be used for advanced training and communications role. In fact, back in March 1939 the Oxford had been selected as the winner competing against the French Potez 561, the Germans Focke-Wulf Fw.58 Weihe and Siebel Si.204 Halle and the Italian Caproni Ca.310.
  After successful further trials, apparently the Belgian Oxford was registered as D-1. However, some sources claim it wasn't registered at all. Anyway, an order for further 5 machine was placed. Those additional Oxfords were to be assembled by both Renard and SABCA. However, that process was halted when Germany invaded Belgium in May 1940 and the Germans captured the aircraft (its fate is unknown). This single Oxford was used by the Ecole d'Aeronautique (Aeronautical School) based at Evere Airport, in Brussels and then it was transferred to No.3 Squadron of the Ecole de Pilotage (Pilots School) in Deurne, in Antwerp.
  After the war, for the newly founded Belgian Air Force, 30 Oxfords were ordered on 16th January 1947. Most of the Oxfords served with the Ecole Pilotage Avancé (Advanced Piloting School) and the 15th Transport Wing. Many of them were also used as base hacks in different wings through the Royal Belgian Air Force. In July 1955, the Belgian Air Force decided that every Oxford should be flown to their next main overhaul after which they were scrapped at Evere because their wooden structure didn't allow them to extend their useful live. Nowadays a single Oxford is preserved at the Royal Army Museum in Brussels.
• Czechoslovakia: A single Oxford T.1 (the trainer variant) which belonged to No.311 (Czechoslovak) Squadron of the Royal Air Force (RAF) flew, in September 1945 from RAF Manston, in Kent, to Prague with a crew of three. The machine was pushed into service with the back then, newly founded Czechoslovak Air Force. The Oxford then received various different codes and served with various units until 1950 when, due to a lack of spare parts the machine was abandoned and scrapped.

Sources:

1. http://www.belgian-wings.be/Webpages/Navigator/Photos/MilltaryPics/post_ww2/Airspeed%20Oxford/airspeed_oxford%20frontpage.htm

2. http://www.belgian-wings.be/Webpages/Navigator/Photos/MilltaryPics/interbellum/Airspeed%20Oxford%20I/Airspeed%20Oxford%20I%20Frontpage.html

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford#Other_users

4. https://www.super-hobby.com/products/Airspeed-Oxford-Mk.I-II-Foreign-Service.html

Airspeed AS.10 Oxford, part two, Asian users

The Airspeed AS.10 Oxford was a British twin-engined monoplane developed and manufactured by Airspeed Ltd. It was initially conceived as a trainer variant of the Airspeed AS.6 Envoy until it quickly developed into a design of its own and saw wide use as a trainer before, during and after World War 2. It was exported to many Asian countries:

• Union of Burma: At least 15 Oxfords were supplied to the Union of Burma Air force just after its independence in 1948. Some of them were modified to carry pod-mounted forward-firing machine guns and rocket projectiles to be used in anti-insurgency operations.
• India: When India became independent in December 1947 nine Oxfords were transferred to the Royal Indian Air Force which later became Indian Air Force. 
• Israel: Three Oxfords (some sources claim they were four) were in inventory of the, back then, newly founded Central Flying School of the Israeli Defence Force Air Force. They were used, together with the Airspeed Consul, for twin-engined flight training in the early 1950s.
• Imperial State of Iran: Three Oxfords were delivered to the Imperial State of Iran Air Force back in 1938. 
• Ceylon: Three former RAF Oxfords were delivered to the Ceylon Air Force in 1953 (some sources claim it was in 1951). 
• Turkey: The Turkish Air Force was supplied in 1943 with 50 Oxford Mk.I. They were complemented with 20 more in 1946-1947. They served as the Turkish Air Force main twin-engined trainer until the early 1950s when they were replaced by the Beechcraft AT-11 Kansan. The remaining Oxfords were scrapped.

Sources:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford#Other_users

2. http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/aa-mideast/israel/af/types/train1.htm#consul

Airspeed AS.10 Oxford, part one, Australian & New Zealand Users

The Airspeed AS.10 Oxford was a British twin-engined monoplane aircraft that was developed and manufactured by Airspeed Ltd.It was initially considered as just a trainer version of the AS.6 Envoy, however it quickly became a design of its own as it saw use as aircrew trainer in many countries of the British Commonwealth. Its main use was navigation, radio-operating, bombing and gunnery roles through the World War 2.
In this post we're focusing on the use that Australia and New Zealand gave to the Oxford.

• Australia: In Australia, the imported Oxfords retained their original RAF serials, in spite of having been assigned the prefix A25 (just like it happened with the Fairey Battles). The first Oxford was imported into Australia on 28th October 1940 and the last one on 20th March 1944, making a total of 391 machines having served with the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). These aircraft were both of the Mk.I and Mk.II variants which, the first ones, had a turret (designed by Armstrong-Whitworth) for gunnery training, and the second ones hadn't. They were mainly employed for pilot and navigation training.
  The Oxford was commonly known by the trainees as the "Ox-Box" and they were employed at the Empire Air Training Schools for instruction in flying, navigation, gunnery, radio and bombing. Additionally, Mk.II versions operated with Nos. 1, 2 and 5 Communication Units, in the communications role.
  In the years after the World War II, the Oxford was retained by the RAAF in the trainer and communications role until 1953 when they finally withdrew from service. Together with the Avro Anson, the Airspeed Oxford was the main trainer in service with the RAAF for more than 10 years.
• New Zealand: Between 1938 and 1954 (some sources claim it was until 1952) the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) operated a total of 299 Oxfords. This was more than nearly other type of aircraft then in service with the RNZAF. They were ordered in 1937, making New Zealand one of the first nations to operate the type. An initial batch of five aircraft was delivered with the fifth aircraft being intended to be use as a survey airplane. They were shipped disassembled to New Zealand and were assembled at RNZAF Hobsonville during late 1938. The RNZAF ordered six more machines and later, 30 more of them. When the Commonwealth Air Training Plan was created, further 140 were allocated, which included the last batch of 30 ordered. They were used by many Air Training Schools (ATS) in New Zealand in the trainer role.

Sources:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Oxford

2. https://www.airforcemuseum.co.nz/aircraft/airspeed-oxford/

3. https://www.airforce.gov.au/sites/default/files/minisite/static/7522/RAAFmuseum/research/aircraft/series2/A25.htm